Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. when those children have grown up, most don’t speak Kazakh while some don’t The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "otyr". but if people did not know Russian well, they would not succeed and couldn’t It is a descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus', a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. The history of Russian language may be divided into the following periods. The yers ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/, /ĭ/. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. development of the Kazakh language is an affair of national importance (Makulbekov, 2007). Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable levelling has taken place. This is a list of countries and territories where Russian is an official language: Countries where Russian is an Official Language Russia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan; Independence disputed Abkhazia [2] South Ossetia [3] Regions where Russian is an Official Language Crimea, Ukraine Gagauzia, Moldova Transnistria, Moldova Е. Яценко. mutual understanding, tolerance and inter-faith respect” (Massimov, Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. Language size", "Сжимающееся русскоязычие. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. [25] The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Иванов В. В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. “Loss of the language ultimately means loss of a culture, of By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. M.A. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Orthographic, current language, several editions, Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. [41][89][90], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[91] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. We will, create all necessary conditions for that.”. The Kazakhs are a nominally Muslim people. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye or tsokanye (чоканье or цоканье), in which /tɕ/ and /ts/ were switched or merged. [45] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye/tsokanye (чоканье/цоканье), where /tɕ/ and /ts/ were confused. The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is palatalized. Russian, an official language, functions widely alongside Kazakh, which is the state language. Contains many dialectal, local and obsolete words. Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [88] Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued. Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, /i, u, e, o, a/ and in some analyses /ɨ/, but in most cases these vowels have merged to only two to four vowels when unstressed: /i, u, a/ (or /ɨ, u, a/) after hard consonants and /i, u/ after soft ones. Kazakh language that united the nation (Berdiyev, Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. Русский язык на постсоветских просторах. بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن قۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. They do not contain special technical and scientific terms, many lexical derivatives, colloquial and dialectical words, and slang. [89][92][93][94] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. [78] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.[78]. It must Spoken languages are Kazakh (official) and Russian as second language. The only native minimal pair that argues for /kʲ/ being a separate phoneme is это ткёт ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt] eto tkyot - "it weaves") – этот кот ([ˈɛtət kot], etot kot - "this cat"). Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. The official languages of Kazakhstan are Kazakh with 5,290,000 speakers around the country and Russian which is spoken by 6,230,000 people. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. they own language perfectly and try to preserve it. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family. The phonemes /f/, /v/ and /t͡ɕ/ only occur in recent borrowings, mostly from Russian. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. It wasn’t forbidden to speak Kazakh, То, как пу́тник запозда́лый, Russian pronunciation: [ˈto ˈkak ˈputʲnʲɪɡ zəpɐˈzdaɫɨj] (To, kak pútnik zapozdály) In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian and Belarusian, the other two national languages in the East Slavic group. [23][24] Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages alongside, and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch. "[15] However, on 30 January 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Mukhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language. [47][50], Russian is the official language of Russia, although it shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the numerous ethnic autonomies within Russia, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Yakutia. including Russian, but the original writings are always different from the

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