[16], Precisely when it became common to include the name of a citizen's tribus as part of his full nomenclature is uncertain. The emperor's stepson and eventual successor was born Tiberius Claudius Nero; after his adoption by the emperor, he became Tiberius Julius Caesar (retaining his original praenomen).
The tria nomina, consisting of praenomen, nomen and cognomen, which are today regarded as a distinguishing feature of Roman culture, first developed and spread throughout Italy in pre-Roman times. [1], Under the Empire, the number of cognomina increased dramatically. Caesula or Caesilla appears to have been the feminine form of Caeso, and the personal cognomen Agrippina probably represents the feminine form of Agrippa. However, many modern names are derived from Roman originals.[1].
The number of praenomina in general use declined steadily throughout Roman history, and as most families used the same praenomina from one generation to the next, the praenomen became less useful for distinguishing between individuals.
[1] Most praenomina had both masculine and feminine forms, although a number of praenomina common to women were seldom or never used by men. [2][4], One popular etymology that is certainly not correct belongs to Spurius, a praenomen that was amongst the most common, and favored by many leading patrician and plebeian families during the early Republic. As the Roman Empire expanded, much of the populace came from cultures with different naming conventions, and the formal structure of the tria nomina became neglected. If further distinction were needed, she could be identified as a particular citizen's daughter or wife. [1][2], As in other cultures, the early peoples of Italy probably used a single name, which later developed into the praenomen.
The emperors usually prefixed Imperator to their names as a praenomen, while at the same time retaining their own praenomina; but because most of the early emperors were legally adopted by their predecessors, and formally assumed new names, even these were subject to change. Paulla was probably given to younger daughters, and was one of the most common praenomina.
[5], Under the empire, confusion seems to have developed as to precisely what constituted a praenomen and how it should be used. However, with the adoption of hereditary surnames, the praenomen lost much of its original importance. Another factor was probably that the praenomen was not usually necessary to distinguish between women within the family. In 27 BC, the Senate granted him the title of Augustus, which would ever after be affixed as a cognomen to the names of the Roman emperors. However, the eldest daughter, who might have been called by her nomen alone for several years, might continue to be so called even after the birth of younger sisters; in this case only the younger sisters might receive distinctive personal names.
By the end of the seventh century, the people of Italy and western Europe had reverted to single names. [24], With the Constitutio Antoniniana in 212, the emperor Caracalla granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. For men, who might hold public office or serve in the military, the praenomen remained an important part of the legal name.
[1], Adding to the complexity of aristocratic names was the practice of combining the full nomenclature of both one's paternal and maternal ancestors, resulting in some individuals appearing to have two or more complete names. A name such as T. Flavius Aristodemus or Gaius Julius Hyginus would be typical of such persons, although in form these names are not distinguishable from those of freedmen.
The best case may be for Tiberius being an Etruscan name, since that praenomen was always connected with the sacred river on the boundary of Etruria and Latium, and the Etruscan name for the Tiber was Thebris. About three dozen Latin praenomina were in use at the beginning of the Republic, although only about eighteen were common. [4][5], Aulus, Publius, Spurius, and Tiberius are sometimes attributed to Etruscan, in which language they are all common, although these names were also typical of praenomina used in families of indisputably Latin origin, such as the Postumii or the Cornelii. The filiation sometimes included the name of the mother, in which case gnatus[ix] would follow the mother's name, instead of filius or filia. [4], Filiations were normally written between the nomen and any cognomina, and abbreviated using the typical abbreviations for praenomina, followed by .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}f. for filius or filia, and sometimes n. for nepos (grandson) or neptis (granddaughter). [28] When a nomen was required for official purposes they would simply put the default nomen of "Aurelius" in front of their name, rather than use their actual nomen. Por ejemplo, la hija de Gaius Julius Caesar(Gayo Julio César) se llamaría simplemente Julia, en caso de una segunda hija la mayor se llamaría Julia Maior(Julia la Mayor) y la menor Julia Minor(Julia la Menor). The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. [2], Many of the names which were uncommon amongst the patricians appear to have been more widespread amongst the plebeians, and the appearance of rare names in Latin inscriptions outside of Rome suggests that many names which were uncommon at Rome were much more common in other parts of Latium. For example, if Publius Servilius had two daughters, they would typically be referred to as Servilia Major and Servilia Minor. Although some names could be abbreviated multiple ways, the following tables include only the most usual abbreviation, if any, for each name. Although filiation was common throughout the history of the Republic and well into imperial times, no law governed its use or inclusion in writing. [4] In the literature of the Republic, and on all formal occasions, such as when a senator was called upon to speak, it was customary to address a citizen by praenomen and nomen; or, if this were insufficient to distinguish him from other members of the gens, by praenomen and cognomen. But many such individuals retained a portion of their original names, usually in the form of cognomina. The names developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the Early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages. Several tribes were added between 387 and 241 BC, as large swaths of Italy came under Roman control, bringing the total number of tribes to thirty-five; except for a brief experiment at the end of the Social War in 88 BC, this number remained fixed. However, these names were in general use at Rome and other Latin towns, and were used by families that were certainly of Latin origin.
However, it still may be that the Romans knew the river by this name when the praenomen came into existence.
[1][2], In the final centuries of the Empire, the traditional nomenclature was sometimes replaced by alternate names, known as signa.
These are known as patronymic surnames, because they are derived from the name of the original bearer's father. Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&oldid=984803528, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Consisting of two distinct elements, or "themes", these names allowed for hundreds or even thousands of possible combinations. Perhaps for similar reasons, when large numbers of provincials gained the franchise, certain rural tribes were preferred for their enrollment. As usual, there were exceptions to this policy as well; for instance, among the, A few exceptions are noted by the ancient historians; for example, supposedly no member of the. For the names of the thirty-five tribes and their abbreviations, see Roman tribe.[15].
However, older names continued to be revived from time to time, especially in noble families, and they probably continued to be used outside Rome. However, the cultural interchange was not all one-way. Oscan and Umbrian forms tend to be found in inscriptions; in Roman literature these names are often Latinized.
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