[101] Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them. However, the Allies demanded “compensation by Germany for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and their property by the aggression of Germany by land, by sea and from the air.” Further, the nine points covering new territorial consignments were complicated by the secret treaties that England, France, and Italy had made with Greece, Romania, and each other during the last years of the war. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the Genoa Conference and Treaty of Rapallo, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Lauteinann, Geschichten in Quellen Bd. The extreme effects of the Treaty on Germany led to the Dolchstosslegende (stab-in-the-back legend) which worked in favor of the Nazi Party. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Germany, on the other hand, saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy. Italian nationalists, however, saw the War as a mutilated victory for what they considered to be little territorial gains achieved in the other treaties directly impacting Italy's borders. It failed. The following year, on 23 March 1939, Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini's dictatorship three years later. Alsace-Lorraine was given to France and Eupen-Malmédy to Belgium. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China such as the May 4th movement. Clemenceau accepted the offer, in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also demilitarise the Rhineland. On 5 May 1921, the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers. [76], While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. [119][incomplete short citation] 25] [87][88] Soon after, the US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921, and two similar treaties were signed with Austria and Hungary on 24 and 29 August 1921, in Vienna and Budapest respectively. 20], The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases; paramilitary forces were forbidden.[n. Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan, not to China. [ii] In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours. Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. Thirty-two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use.[n. Furthermore, German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power. How was Germany involved in the Russian Civil War after the Paris Peace Conference? History Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for historians and history buffs. The treaty also created the League of Nations. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). [163], Resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party,[164] but the German-born Australian historian Jürgen Tampke argued that it was "a perfidious distortion of history" to argue that the terms prevented the growth of democracy in Germany and aided the growth of the Nazi party; saying that its terms were not as punitive as often held and that German hyper-inflation in the 1920s was partly a deliberate policy to minimise the cost of repatriations. In regards to the East Prussia plebiscite, historian Richard Blanke wrote that "no other contested ethnic group has ever, under un-coerced conditions, issued so one-sided a statement of its national preference". [53][incomplete short citation], In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. [49] The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed, and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states. [8], On 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson issued the nation's postwar goals, the Fourteen Points. [103] Between 1919 and 1921, three major outbreaks of violence took place between German and Polish civilians, resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations. On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed. ", while General Jan Smuts (a member of the South African delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced. It did, however, lay the groundwork for the subsequent founding of the United Nations. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris. On 9 January 1923, Lithuanian forces invaded the territory during the Klaipėda Revolt. On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921. [132], German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production.

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